With their sharply contrasting black-and-white chequered plumage, Cape petrels are probably the most familiar and easily recognisable of New Zealand’s seabirds. They frequent New Zealand coastal waters, especially south from Cook Strait, and are familiar ship followers and scavengers around commercial fishing vessels.

Known widely as “Pintado petrel´ this species is common in cooler seas all around the southern hemisphere. Two subspecies are recognised – the Cape petrel D. c. capense, which breeds on mainland Antarctic and Antarctic Peninsula and Antarctic and subantarctic islands outside of New Zealand and the Snares Cape petrel D. c. australe which breeds on the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and Chatham Islands in the New Zealand region.

Identification

The head, neck and mantle of the Cape petrel are black; the lower back, base of the upperwing and rump are white, heavily chequered with black, whilst the outer upperwings are black with broad white patches near the body and beyond the bend in the wing. The underparts are white; the underwings are also white, but with a black leading edge. The bill, legs and feet are black.

Voice: Cape petrels are noisy at sea when squabbling for food and at the nest, where they give cackling and chirring calls.

Similar species: The subspecies are separated by the extent of white on the upperparts. Snares Cape petrels have less white on the upperparts. They are only likely to be confused with Antarctic petrels, which have a similar strongly patterned plumage, but are clean-cut chocolate brown and white rather than the chequered and spotted black and white of the Cape petrel.

Distribution and habitat

During the breeding season (November-February) Cape petrels occur throughout coastal New Zealand, especially from Cook Strait south and out to the Chatham Islands. After breeding they still occur around New Zealand and there is an influx of Cape petrels from mainland Antarctica, Antarctic islands and other subantarctic islands.

Population

Snares Cape petrels breed on the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and Chatham Islands and there was an estimated total population of 5,000-10,000 breeding pairs before 1984. However, the total population at the Snares Islands was estimated at 7,385 breeding pairs in 1984, and so the population may have increased over that time.

Threats and conservation

The majority of breeding sites are free from mammalian predators. Occasionally Cape petrels are reported as by-catch in longline and trawl fisheries.

Breeding

Cape petrels breed in loose colonies. They are monogamous with shared incubation and chick care. The nest is a scrape lined with rock fritter obtained from the immediate vicinity of the nest. Pairs tend to return to the same site year after year. The single large (61 x 43 mm) white egg is laid in November. Incubation takes about 45 days; chicks are fed by regurgitation, fledge at about 52 days, and are independent at fledging.

Behaviour and ecology

Cape petrels are gregarious both at sea and when breeding. At sea, they may form large dense flocks, gathering for food around fishing vessels or swarms of crustaceans, where they are both noisy and quarrelsome. At their breeding colonies they use an elaborate series of displays and calls to maintain their pair bond and to defend their nest scrape. Cape petrels are annual breeders that usually return to the same nest site year after year with the same partner. Immediately after breeding the colonies are deserted as the birds undergo moult around the breeding islands. Afterwards they return to the breeding colonies during the day at least, spending increasing time ashore from July on. In the New Zealand region the longest interval between banding and recapture is 27 years.

Food

Cape petrels mainly eat krill and amphipods, plus small fish and squid, and offal from fishing vessels taken from the surface. They rarely plunge or dive for food.

Websites

BirdLife factsheet

Wikipedia

References

Heather, B.D.; Robertson, H.A. 1996. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Viking, Auckland.

Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (eds) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 1, ratites to ducks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Miskelly, C.M.; Sagar, P.M.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Scofield, R.P. 2001. Birds of the Snares Islands, New Zealand. Notornis 48: 1-40.

Robertson, C.J.R.; van Tets, G.F. 1982. The status of birds at the Bounty Islands. Notornis 29: 311-336.

Sagar, P.M. 1979. Breeding of the Cape pigeon (Daption capense) at the Snares Islands. Notornis 26: 23-36.

Sagar, P.M. 1986. The sexual dimorphism of Snares Cape pigeons (Daption capense australe). Notornis 33: 259-263.

Sagar, P.M.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Miskelly, C.M. 1996. Breeding and survival of Snares Cape pigeons Daption capense australe at The Snares. Notornis 43: 197-207.

Recommended citation

Sagar, P.M. 2013 [updated 2022]. Cape petrel | karetai hurukoko. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz